The Amish Community the Effects of Subsistence on Aspects...

The Amish Community: The Effects of Subsistence on Aspects of a Culture Tristin Bovee ANT 101 Ilda Jimenez y West October 29, 2012 The Amish Community: The Effects of Subsistence on Aspects of a Culture Any person who observes an Amish community may catch a glimpse of a lifestyle that looks as if it adheres to no modicum of logic. Why would a whole group of people choose to live without the technology that makes life so much easier? The answer is simple and uncomplicated; cultural preservation. The Amish are culturally aware of themselves, and as such have put forth the effort to sustain their traditions and way of life for hundreds of years (Kraybill, 2001). The further technology advances in the world outside of the Amish†¦show more content†¦Men are the breadwinners and thus the head of the household; women ensure the upkeep of the home and the upbringing of the children (Donnermeyer amp; Friedrich, 2002). These gender roles begin at a very young age. In some societies, such as pastoralist societies, this division of labor via gender creates an environment of inequality in favor of male family members (Nowak amp; Laird, 2010). This is not the case in an Amish household; each family member is respected and valued for the person they are, and also for the work they accomplish. The strong nuclear family and the division of labor being gender-based provide the Amish with a strategy to impress upon their children the importance of their beliefs (Donnermeyer amp; Friedrich, 2002). Young members of an Amish community are not required to be baptized into their faith until eighteen years of age (Kraybill, 2001). Eighteen years living within an Amish community results in these kids knowing nothing else and it is often easy for them to make the decision to continue living their experienced lifestyle. However, should an Amish child refuse, they would be shunned. Shunning is the practice within the Amish community of excommunicating members who do not hold to the community beliefs. Most parents would like to keep their children as close as possible, which is just another motivation for immersing their children in the Amish world in order to keep them from being shunned. Often, two or three generations of

Volunteering At North Elementary And I Am Working Through...

For my service learning I am volunteering at North Elementary and I am working through the Refugee Development Center. The children that I am working with are named Rofaida and Khalid, whose first language is Arabic. The first time I met the two I was very excited to see them and get to know a little bit about them. However, during their snack time when they first came in I noticed that they were very rambunctious and were often yelling at eachother in their native language. I was a little put off by them at first, just because I did not know if they would be able to cooperate or even want to sit down and learn. They were always moving around and trying to get up, which made me nervous. Often times, they would scream at one another and†¦show more content†¦But, when their snack was over, they told me they were very eager to learn and were interested in knowing what they were going to be doing that day. It surprised me that they were very open with me and that their mood comp letely changed when I started teaching them the lesson. I expected them to love hands on projects so they were very excited when I asked them to draw. They loved receiving help and wanted me to help them draw pictures they had a hard time with such as a gorilla and an umbrella. At this point, the two were laughing with each other and looked like they were great friends. Their English was a lot more advanced than I thought it would be and I was excited to see that. There were times that they did not understand what I was saying, but I stayed calm, focused, and showed them that I was there for them. This visit made me wonder how long they had been speaking English and how long they have been in the United States. I also questioned if they would always be this cooperative when they started learning. In the weeks to come, I can imagine exploring the different ways and approaches that will help these children learn. I know that no two children are the same, whether they speak the same la nguage or not, so I am excited to explore them as individuals. At first, the site felt very weird to me. I felt that it was awkwardly placed in Lansing. It is very weird to describe, but I felt that it seemed like it was just randomly

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Free Essays

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has become a metaphor for 21st-century security concerns. Although nuclear weapons have not been used since the end of World War II, their influence on international security affairs is pervasive, and possession of WMD remains an important divide in international politics today (Norris 61). The nuclear postures of the former Cold War rivals have evolved more slowly than the fast-breaking political developments of the decade or so that has elapsed since the former Soviet Union collapsed. We will write a custom essay sample on The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, some important changes have already taken place. By mutual consent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was terminated by the United States and Russia, which have agreed to modify their nuclear offensive force posture significantly through a large reduction in the number of deployed delivery systems. Nuclear weapons are no longer at the center of this bilateral relationship. Although the two nations are pursuing divergent doctrines for their residual nuclear weapons posture, neither approach poses a threat to the other. The structure, but not the detailed content, of the future U.S. nuclear posture was expressed in the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which established a significant doctrinal shift from deterrence to a more complex approach to addressing the problem of proliferated WMD. The Russian doctrinal adaptation to the post-Cold War security environment is somewhat more opaque. The government appears to be focused on developing and fielding low-yield weapons that are more suitable for tactical use, though the current building of new missiles and warheads may be associated with new strategic nuclear payloads as well. Despite the diminished post ­Cold War role of nuclear weapons in the United States, the cumulative deterioration of Russia’s conventional military force since 1991 has actually made nuclear weapons more central to that government’s defense policy. The end of the adversarial relationship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be taken into account in the NPR. The current nuclear posture is evolving in a manner parallel to the modernization of the U.S. non-nuclear military establishment. In stark contrast to Cold War ­era military planning, the 21st century is likely to be characterized by circumstances in which the adversary is not well known far in advance of a potential confrontation. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is adjusting to these new circumstances by developing highly capable and flexible military forces that can adapt to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditional path to modernization through investment in weapons systems as the threat emerges economically infeasible. Modern information technology lets the military change the characteristics of its flexible weapons and forces in much less time than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to create a military information system: the integrated effect of command-control-communications-computation-intelligence-surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). This system is inherently more flexible for adapting to changes in the threat environment. WMD and the means to deliver them are mature technologies, and knowledge of how to create such capabilities is widely distributed. Moreover, the relative cost of these capabilities declined sharply toward the end of the 20th century. Today, the poorest nations on earth (such as North Korea and Pakistan) have found WMD to be the most attractive course available to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of WMD was stimulated as an unintended consequence of a U.S. failure to invest in technologies such as ballistic missile defense that could have dissuaded nations from investing in such weapons. The United States’ preoccupation with deterring the Soviet Union incorporated the erroneous assumption that success in that arena would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This mistake was compounded by the perverse interaction between defense policy and arms control in the 1990s. Misplaced confidence was lodged in a network of multilateral agreements and practices to prevent proliferation that contributed to obscuring rather than illuminating what was happening. Confidence placed in the inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to obtain knowledge of clandestine WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with clandestine WMD programs. Without a modernization of defense policy, the ready availability of WMD-related technology will converge with their declining relative cost and a fatally flawed arms control structure to stimulate further proliferation in the 21st century. The process whereby WMD and ballistic missile technology has proliferated among a group of nations that otherwise share no common interests are likely to become the template for 21st-century proliferation. The scope of this problem was recognized in part as a result of a comprehensive review of intelligence data in 1997 ­1998 by the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition swiftly evolved into a set of significant policy initiatives that responded to changes in the international security environment. The arms control arrangements most closely identified with the adversarial relationship with the former Soviet Union were passà ©. In 1999 the Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the United States and Russia ended the 1972 ABM Treaty and agreed to jettison the START process, which kept nuclear deployments at Cold War levels in favor of much deeper reductions in offensive forces in 2002. U.S. policy began to evolve in response to these developments. The incompatibility between the Cold War legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment stimulated a search for approaches to modernize policies pertinent to nuclear weapons. In response to statutory direction, the Bush administration published the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Taken together, these documents constitute the most profound change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower administration (Krepon 1). The unique capabilities of nuclear weapons may still be required in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The evolution of technology has created an opportunity to move from a policy that deters through the threat of massive retaliation to one that can reasonably aspire to the more demanding aim–to dissuade. If adversary WMD systems can be held at risk through a combination of precision non-nuclear strike and active defense, nuclear weapons are less necessary (Albright 2). By developing a military capability that holds a proliferators’ entire WMD posture at risk rather than relying solely on the ability to deter the threat or use of WMD after they have been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for reducing the role of WMD in international politics are much improved. The 21st-century proliferation problem creates a set of targets significantly different from those that existed during the Cold War. Few targets can be held at risk only by nuclear weapons, but the ones that are appropriate may require different characteristics and, in many circumstances, different designs than those currently in the nuclear stockpile. The nature of the targets and the scope of the potential threat also alter the character of the underlying scientific, engineering, and industrial infrastructure that supports the nuclear weapons posture.   This research paper will therefore seek to discuss the problem of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they are presently termed) and try to address to current policy issues surrounding the matter. RESEARCH OUTLINE: INTRODUCTION: a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what is the problem surrounding nuclear threats in the 21st century b.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what are the recent developments surrounding this issue c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what solutions have been successful in addressing these problem BODY: a.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   who are nuclear threats b.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   what has been done to stop c.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   What can be done? d.)  Ã‚  Ã‚   What can the US do? What can the UN do? CONCLUSION: References: Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen, â€Å"Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006): 61. Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, â€Å"Going Beyond the Stir: the strategic realities of China’s No First Use policy,† Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_70.html (accessed June 30, 2006). Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the Unthinkable: Japanese nuclear power and proliferation in East Asia (Oxford, UK: Oxford Research Group and Citizens’ Nuclear Information Center, 2005): 7†³8. George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.) Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones Ziad Haider eds., â€Å"Escalation Control the Nuclear Option in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 2004, http://www.stimson.org/pub.cfm?id=191, (May 2005). David Albright and Cory Hinderstein, â€Å"Uncovering the Nuclear Black Market: Working Toward Closing Gaps in the International Nonproliferation Regime,† Institute for Science International Security, July 2004, http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/ nuclear_black_market.html, (May 2005). Text of â€Å"Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004,† Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005). Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., â€Å"The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Brinksmanship in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2001, http://www.stimson.org/pubs.cfm?ID=1, (May 2005). Feroz Hassan Khan, â€Å"The Independence-Dependence Paradox: Stability Dilemmas in South Asia,† Arms Control Association, October 2003, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10.asp, (May 2005). Ashley J. Tellis, India’s Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal, (Santa Monica: Rand, 2001.) How to cite The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Essay examples

Music Evolution to Devolution free essay sample

People would invest time to find the most obscure, crazy, Indies rock band, Tower Records, Hafts were some be-there-or-be-nowhere record stores where new and unusual albums would find their way into peoples small time lives. Peoples ganja and patchouli-hazed sensibilities were christened in those foggy years. This was when rock was driven by a guitar master or two, a healthy bass, whacked out synch and a drumbeat that would alter your pulse.You know the saying, if you remember the sixties and seventies, chances are, you werent there. When you really think about it, music is more than it is made out to be. Its not just a tune, a rhythm. Its a language. Most earlier rock and roll had a message. You listened to solos, and, it was like the music was talking to you. Take Shine on You Crazy Diamond, if you listen to Glamour just scream out his guitar solo, I will swear, it sounds like its speaking to you. We will write a custom essay sample on Music: Evolution to Devolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everything now is so commercial, so consumer-driven.Record companies like Atlantic went from selling Led Zeppelin, Phips, Rush, Yes, Genesis and Metallic to selling Trick Daddy and Twists. Being a rapper, Im sure, takes talent, rhythm mean, its just about sex and drugs- not that Led Zeppelin wasnt just about sex and drugs.. .They just wrote it so much more poetic and it wasnt as blunt.

Twelth Night Production of Act 2 Scene 5 Essay Example For Students

Twelth Night Production of Act 2 Scene 5 Essay If I had been asked to produce Act 2 Scene 5. I would use light, sound and scenery. This is essay is to show how I would set it out. The scenery will show where each character is standing in the play. The play is set in the 1600s. The scenery will be in the gardens of Olivias house and will be set in the daytime. When Malvolio picks up the love letter birds will start flying around his head and around the tree where the Knights are to show the audience that somebody is watching Malvolio. We will write a custom essay on Twelth Night Production of Act 2 Scene 5 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Characters costumes will show what standing they have in the scene. The Knights and will be wearing grand clothes to show that they are Sirs but Fabian will be wearing less spectacular clothes. Malovolio will be wearing boring unimaginative clothes showing he is dull and a puritan. The lighting of the scene will be varied according to which character the light would be on. This is to give the audience an idea who is the main character in the act and what they see around them. In Act 2 Scene 5 I would have a brighter light shining on Malvolio. Also on the three knights Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Fabian I would shine a bright light on the tree but a darker light on the Knights themselves. This would therefore give the effect of Malvolio being the main character. The light shining on the tree and darker on the Knights gives the impression that they are hiding in the trees shade and that Malvolio can only see the tree. It also tells us that it is daytime. The sound effects will reflect what at that moment in time is going on in the play. The music will also show what sort of scene the production is showing. In Act 2 Scene 5 the sound effects will be birds singing to show how Malvolio is feeling when he is getting to understand what the letter is about. When the Knights are laughing the sound effects will be mischievous. The birds singing shows that Malvolio is in the garden and in a joyful mood. The music in the scene will show what each character is feeling at the moment in time. In Act 2 Scene 5 I would have 1600 love music in the background, which speeds up when Malvolio starts to think Olivia loves him. The music will be jolly when the focus is on the Knights. This shows the different interpretations the characters get from hearing the letter. The Jolly music show the Knights are having a good time. The facial expressions of the characters will show what the person is feeling at the time in his thoughts to put more emphasis on what there emotions are experiencing at the time. Malvolio when he first picks up the letter will be concerned with what it inside the letter which soon seems to a puzzled look as he is trying to figure out what the letter means and then to joy when he thinks that Olivia loves him. The Knights will be hoping that the plan works with a worried but excited look on their faces which soon turns to smiles when thay realise that the plans has worked better that originally planned. The characters movements will show what they are feeling and if they want to keep a low profile or want the world to know of their happiness. Malvolio when he realises the letter is for him will jump for joy while the knights who are hiding for cover will make quiet and stealthy movements to show that they are hiding form him. .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .postImageUrl , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:hover , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:visited , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:active { border:0!important; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:active , .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76 .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue59532e10ac16e5c1277cb876cb85a76:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violation Of Human Rights Vs. The Book Night EssayOverall my production will be full of life and atmosphere so that the audience stay interested in what is going on in the scene.

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essays

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essays Combating Compassion Fatigue Paper Combating Compassion Fatigue Paper Compassion is an essential attribute that nurses must posses in order to provide appropriate care to the patients and families they come in contact with. Nurses work many long shifts taking care of sick patients and grieving families, and may not take the time to care for their physical, emotional and spiritual needs properly. After a while, the long hours and stress may catch up with them and cause compassion fatigue or even burnout. Nurses must learn to care for themselves first and foremost in order to be healthy, happy and spiritually sound, and this in turns allows them to provide great care to their patients as well as their own family. The purpose of this paper is to identify the warning signs of compassion fatigue, explain the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the caregiver and share examples of coping strategies and resources for nurses. Compassion fatigue â€Å"is characterized by deep physical and emotional exhaustion and a pronounced change in the helper’s ability to feel empathy for their patients, their loved ones and their co-workers†(Mathieu, 2007). When a nurse experiences this type of fatigue, it is important to be aware of what is happening because their current state must be addressed and dealt with in order to prevent further complications. Compassion fatigue â€Å"is marked by increased cynicism at work, a loss of enjoyment of our career, and eventually can transform into depression, secondary traumatic stress and stress-related illnesses†(Mathieu, 2007). The Cleveland Clinic (2009) states that â€Å"caregiver burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion that may be accompanied by a change in attitude from positive and caring to negative and unconcerned. † Burnout happens when a nurse focuses to much on meeting the demands of the job and less on taking care of the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of oneself. Caregiver burnout not only happens to nurses and health care provides, but to family members that are taking care of a loved one as well. Warning Signs of Compassion Fatigue There are a number of warning signs for compassion fatigue, but each person will develop different signs unique to their situation. Some of the signs include exhaustion, reduced ability to feel sympathy and empathy, dread of working with certain patients, diminished sense of enjoyment of nursing, and difficulty of separating work life from personal life. When a caregiver experiences compassion fatigue, they typically will go through five stages including the idealistic phase, the irritability phase, the withdraw phase, the zombie phase and the pathology and victimization or maturation and renewal. Each phase has unique characteristics that the caregiver will exhibit. The characteristics of the first phase or the idealistic phase is normal and how a caregiver should feel including being motivated and ready to solve problems, a desire to make a difference, volunteer to assist and full of energy and enthusiasm. The second phase or the irritability phase begins when the caregiver starts to cut corners, avoid patients, being to disregard their own wellness, lose focus and start distancing themselves from friends and family. The withdraw phase is the third phase and this begins when the nurse starts to lose patience with the patient, neglects oneself and others, has chronic fatigue and views them self as the victim. The next phase is the zombie phase which is characterized by being easily angry, dislike of others, loss of sense of humor and personality and seeing others as incompetent. The last phase can be when the caregiver either chooses pathology and victimization or maturation and renewal. Either the nurse becomes to overwhelmed to deal with the situation and decides to change profession or develops a physical illness or the caregiver takes time to seek help and take care of the issue at hand and continues providing care for others. Needs of the Caregiver Nursing and other caregivers must understand the importance of taking care of themselves physically, emotionally and spiritually. Providing the best care to patients includes taking care of oneself. Physical health includes a healthy diet, exercise and getting enough rest and relaxation. Without these three crucial things â€Å"the body rebels with decreased immunity to common illnesses† (GCU, 2011). No only does the health care provider need to preserve good physical health, but â€Å"it is about being present with one’s feelings, sensations and intuitive guidance in order to detect what is best in any given moment† (Portnoy, 2011). Emotional health is an individuals over all well being and how a persons feels about them self. Emotionally healthy individuals are able to manage their feeling easily, balance work and home life and feel a sense of satisfaction. â€Å"People with good emotional health have an ability to bounce back from adversity, trauma, and stress†(Smith, Segal Segal, 2013), this is called resilience. Each person is different and may require different methods of dealing with emotional stress, the important thing is to establish the method that works for the individual and maintain that in order to restore emotional health. Being spiritually healthy is highly relevant to the wellness of a health care provider because this gives them meaning to life and what they do. â€Å"Just as the physical body needs rest, recuperation, and healthy nutrition, the soul need time for spiritual restoration, encouragement, and faith-building†(GCU, 2011). Spirituality may consist of praying, reading the bible or attending church, and will vary with each individual, but whats most important is to remain spiritually sound in order to cope with daily stresses and provide care with compassion and consideration. Coping Strategies The best way to cope with compassion fatigue is to prevent it by knowing the warning signs, but there are also coping strategies that can effectively help health care providers overcome it. Recognizing and acknowledging the sign and symptoms is the first step in conquering compassion fatigue. Next the symptoms need to be addressed so that the person can understand them and why it is happening. There may also be internal conflict that needs to be evaluated. Finding some sort of support to help the individual through this time and being able to talk about what their needs are can help with overcoming the fatigue. If this does not help the person cope with the situation at hand, professional help may need to be considered to treat their compassion fatigue. Again, this is where physical, emotional and spiritual health are very important. Being physically, emotionally and spiritually intact will contribute to an easier recovery or possibly avoidance of compassion fatigue and even burnout. Knowing the resources that are available to nurses and health care providers for compassion fatigue is key to helping them restore themselves. Health care facilities should provide some type of programs that focus on fighting compassion fatigue and burnout. There are many online resources such as www. myselfcare. org that provides articles and quizzes that discuss fatigue and burnout. If an individual is suffering from compassion fatigue and having a hard time coping they may need to be seen by a doctor to address the severity and need for further counseling. In conclusion, the most important job a nurse has is to take care of themselves mentally, physically and spiritually in order to provide the best care to the patients and families they take care of. A health care worker should be aware of the warning signs of compassion fatigue in order to circumvent the problems that it triggers. Health care providers need to remember that without being healthy in all aspects of their mind, body and soul, they cannot provide the best care for the patients as well as their own family.

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis - Essay Example The prosecutor analyzed the defendant’s explanation of the occurrence with the view of establishing inconsistencies that would help either incriminate the defendant or discover a potential evidence with which to determine guilt. The cross-examination process followed the defendant’s account of the occurrence. The defendant has defiant time to recount the events as he remembers them and as expected, the defendant took the opportunity to acquit himself of any claim thereby denying any connections with the crime. The vehement account from the occurrence portrayed the defendant favorably as he explained everything, as he believed they occurred. However, the prosecutor could not fail to observe several features of the account since he deliberately omitted issues that would readily incriminate him. The prosecutor therefore asked systematic questions allowing him time to respond appropriately. During the cross examination, the prosecutor sought to establish features of the defendant’s account that would help prove his theory about the crime. The prosecutor therefore asked systematic questions often developing effective follow up questions that would help him achieve his objectives. The defendant†™s attorney often rose to either object to some of the questions that he believed would incriminate or frustrate his client. The judge often either granted or denied the two factions chances as he deemed fit. The judge analyzed the accounts and the issues presented by the parties thereby determining the consistencies presented by each party. The final argument was the judge’s justification of his punishment. He claimed that the punishment would help reform the individual while the man would serve as an example for other people in the society who would act similarly in the future. This implied that the court cases have myriad functions a feature that consequently influences the precedents that judges make and use when making their

Enlightenment and the Great Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlightenment and the Great Awakening - Essay Example Such changes made North America to become a great contributor in the colonial America’s economy. As a result of the major changes taking place in the cities, there was an increase in the rural urban migration. This was attributed to the fact that there was need for them to search for employment in the industries that had been established in the urban areas. The growth of the plantations also encouraged the migration as the plantations required laborers. There were numerous productions of raw materials for the factories and this maximized production by the industries. As a result there was a continued intake of laborers a step that made it impossible to eradicate rural urban migration. During the same period, North America experienced revivals in terms of religion, government and human nature. The role of enlightenment was to focus on challenging the existing religious standards and the divine rights that had been adopted by the people. It was through accepting the religious beliefs and tolerance among different individuals that they could be able to successfully experience enlightenment. It was through religion that they could be able to unify themselves. That is why they argued that religion was the opium of society an avenue through which individuals would understand each other.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Human resource management - Essay Example 39). In short, it will act as the roadmap to all the processes required in the recruitment process. The idea of an organisation chart is to ensure that there are no regrets after the process such as having hired the wrong persons, or ending up with people who cannot adhere to the organisation’s demands and objectives. Jobs in different fields will have different [market] demands. In short, a job in medicine will not have the same recruitment descriptions as in the technological sector. Therefore, recruitment theories dictate that for effectiveness in interviewing, recruiting, and retaining employees, it is mandatory to have a specific job description for every available position. For instance, in this technological context, there may be a system administrator’s job vacancy. As such, it will be the duty of the human resources department to make it known to potential applicants that they should possess skills such as computer networking, knowledge in operating systems, computer security, and the ability to make other IT-related solutions. In having the specific required job descriptions, the organisation will attract applicants who know what is required of them, who are competent, and those who will not require extra resources before deciding on whether or not they fit the job. Job descriptions not only simplify the task for the organisation but also for the applicants. According to the subjective factor theory, job applicants will require more than just the financial offer of job descriptions. They will also demand to learn about an organisation’s reputation and what it requires of them before they present their applications. This is because a job should fulfill the financial, psychological, and emotional needs of employees (Yu & Cable 2013, p.49). Therefore, in presenting the required descriptions, applicants will be able to judge whether the job is all-round, that is, whether it will fulfil all their needs. This is important in that it will

Sociological Theories of Leisure: Marx and Weber

Sociological Theories of Leisure: Marx and Weber Leisure is an area of sociological study that has, according to many sociologists including Chris Rojek[1] been neglected. The literature, certainly in the countries of Britain and Australia, has been dominated by views and theories that fit into a Marxist framework. ‘Leisure’ is juxtaposed against what is deemed its opposite, ‘work.’ In this essay I shall attempt to elucidate some of that Marxist framework and then criticise what can be viewed as its limitations thus, hopefully, highlighted and understanding some of the implications necessary for a further and deeper understanding of the sociology of leisure. Marx’s most basic premise, that man in capitalist society is alienated from his own labour, is also, unsurprisingly, the theoretical underpinning for Marxist notions of leisure. The change from older forms of economic markets to capitalist industrialisation forced a schism in the work/leisure relationship. â€Å"The identification of leisure as the sphere in which needs are satisfied and pleasure found simultaneously makes work less susceptible to criticism as unsatisfactory and more salient as that which has to be tolerated to ‘earn’ the freedom of leisure. Instrumentalism about work is built into this enforced separation: ‘leisure’ is the prize to be won.†[2] This demarcation is seen as the principle victory, in a stream of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. The idea that one worked to live at the weekend, or outside of work, became prevalent. Work became a means to an end. The sphere of leisure, once created, offered the ruling classes the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was supposed to be ‘free’ time. â€Å"If the working class wants alcohol and music, it shall have them but only to be consumed under certain conditions.†[3] Under the guise of caring for workers rights and needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the dominant ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was, of course, to ensure the productivity of workers and thus perpetuate the capitalist market. A hung over worker was of little use. â€Å"The establishment of leisure as consumption†¦has also been of considerable significance.†[4] This was capitalism’s second great victory in regards to leisure. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is all about consumption. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought and sold as well as used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideology with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher. The freedom of leisure is a fallacy. â€Å"The much vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly unequal distribution of wealth and income.†[5] Instead of resistance to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by social division and unequal distribution.â€Å"Those with relatively more control over work tend to have more control over their leisure; class does not end at the factory gate†¦gender even less so.†[6] Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link between the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work in a capitalist industrial society. Resistance to leisure models are, according to Clarke and Critcher, ultimately futile. The market can not completely control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisioned. This would be seen as a site of resistance except, â€Å"Such strategies may modify but cannot challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of any commodity, we must first enter the market as consumers to acquire it.†[7] â€Å"In a manner sometimes reminiscent of the early Marx, Simmel argues that modern production is not the site of creativity, of individuality, of pleasure.†[8] Marx stated that workers were alienated from their species being, their creativity, individuality and ultimately their pleasure. Simmel here echoes those sentiments. He also concurs that leisure is an escape from such alienation. â€Å"In this context then, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work lead us to require only one thing of our leisure; ‘we must be made comfortable’; ‘we only wish to be amused.’†[9] These notions are very similar to those of Marxist and neo-Marxist theorists such as Clarke and Critcher. Leisure is a reward for time spent working and the real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex. â€Å"The sphere of non-work, ostensibly that of leisure, can also be filled out by consumption and by circulation in search of what is new. Where a mass of consumers has been created, commodities can be sold for their price rather than their quality.†[10] It is to be noted that in sociology of the Marxist tradition, and here in Simmel’s own words, what constitutes leisure in a capitalist society for the workers is judged morally bankrupt and alienating. Quantity over quality, mere amusement over the satisfaction of any deeper needs. Many theorists question this view. Wrestling would certainly be treated as such mere amusement in a Marxist or Simmel tradition, yet for Barthes[11], such ‘low’ culture reproduces the ‘species being’ that they see as lacking from capitalist leisure. The Marxist tradition makes those judgements with very little empirical evidence. As Rojek states, â€Å"So far leisure and other studies have provided little sense of what people actually do or feel in pubs, gardens, kitchens, on pitches or package tours.†[12] The assumption of what people experience during leisure is dangerous. [13] In Freudian psychology, â€Å"An irresistible verbal transition†¦effortlessly replaces the†¦term ‘leisure,’ with a substitute, ‘pleasure.’†[14] In essence our existence, at the polymorphous perversity stage, begins as fun. The processes of society, the rules of the ego, attempt to cage that fun. â€Å"The world of fun is repressed.†[15] Freud noted the classic bourgeois ego, perhaps best represented by Veblen’s â€Å"Leisure class.†[16] For Freud, it was, â€Å" Just this ‘objectivity’ which justified the utilitarian tradition in psychology, and, viewing the individual as a consumer rather than a producer, regarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.†[17] Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, in both implicit and explicit ways, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, as Rojek points out, â€Å"the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.†[18] Interestingly, Freudian psychology breaks with Marxist tradition. The pleasure of fun is not to be found in commodities. Commodities are the only form of leisure since, under capitalist ideology all leisure is a commodity. So, reacting to the psychological need to escape from the alienation of work, people seek excitement from their commodities instead. â€Å"Consumption has become exciting†¦Possession, of course, remains its prerequisite, but necessity is held in abeyance.†[19] The act of shopping in itself has become the excitement, the commodity itself holds less importance. Evidence of this comes from, â€Å"The comparative longevity of modern goods (Which are) overwhelmed by the wish for continual newness.†[20] Freud, rather pessimistically, saw no real way out of this ideological trap, hence his claim, â€Å"For psychoanalysis the modest therapeutic aim of ‘transforming neurotic misery into common unhappiness.’†[21] â€Å"Kelly argues that, ‘If something has to be done then it isn’t leisure’ and that ‘leisure is generally understood as chosen activity that is not work.’†[22] Sociology is replete with such ethereal and vague definitions of just what exactly leisure is. Clarke and Critcher state that their work, â€Å"Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions about what is or is not leisure. We do not believe that these questions can be solved by ever more elaborate analytical juggling.†[23] H F Moorhouse[24] takes issue with this. He raises the very salient point that one could consider it blithely ignorant to conduct a whole study without first defining what it is one is researching. Clarke and Critcher rely on a ‘self evident’ truth of what leisure is. ‘Self evident’ truths are, quite often, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but sense in this case is not necessarily c ommon. â€Å"It operates with the simplistic and stereotyped view of what most ‘work’ is like, seeing it as impoverished, routinised, deskilled etc†¦..What is a very complicated issue is oversimplified.†[25] For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse â€Å"To allow that paid labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.†[26] This can only be seen as a weakness. Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher state that they are writing during a time (1985) of transition to ‘post-industrial’ society. If one take this claim seriously then it has important implications. â€Å"The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in management have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for many workers†¦Moreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.†[27] Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home and blurred the lines of what constitutes work and leisure still further. The dualistic and simplistic account, as found in Clarke and Critcher and other works in the Marxist tradition, may no longer be completely adequate to explain the sociology of leisure. Their account seems isolated in a very specific moment, a moment of change . Older accounts, Veblen’s, Marx’s, Simmel’s, may have been entirely accurate at the time they were published, but that time has long since past. Other considerations may need to be taken into account. â€Å"My submission is that the distinctions between work and leisure, public and private life, duty and excitement, have blurred.†[28] If one takes the work of Rojek seriously, what implications for the tired and simplistic definitions of what constitutes work and leisure? Freud defines leisure as pleasure as fun. If the boundaries of what constitutes leisure and work are indeed eroding could it mean that leisure, pleasure and fun can be found in work? Or work in fun? A cogent example would be of a party that one feels obliged to attend. You do not like the food, you hate the music, you’re surrounded by people you despise and you would give anything to be anywhere else. Yet this is your leisure time? The sociology of leisure needs to address these concerns. â€Å"Relationships and structures of leisure help mitigate human problems, foster cohesion in communities, alleviate personal suffering, maintain economic stability, and encourage political activity.†[29] Some sociologists see leisure as being a site for developing essential social networks, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction. If one considers Simmel’s conception that sociability is the, â€Å"Pure form of interacting independence of individuals,’†[30] then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a ‘morally’ good occurrence that let actors enjoy true or ‘pure’ leisure, pleasure and fun. Perhaps for the good of the sociology of leisure, â€Å"There is a need to shift attention away from the characteristics of individuals or groups as the unit of analysis, and focus on the characteristics of social relationships between people.†[31] â€Å"Social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.†[32] The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the active oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and there is no room for any real dialogue between worker’s desire and capitalist ideology. [33] Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple. Feminist theorists such as Wearing[34] raise the issues of the problem of women’s experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichter’s work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The structural and pervasive economic ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, however particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusively economic. Theorists such as Butler[35] indicate the problem of explaining women’s position in society while being forced to use the only language available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.[36] â€Å"If one ‘is’ a woman then that is surely not all that one is†¦gender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively constituted identities.†[37] In conclusion and as stated above in the introduction to this essay, leisure is very often regarded as having been neglected in the arena of sociological study. Perhaps one of the reasons for this indifference has been the genuine problem of even defining exactly what leisure is. The Marxist tradition has held dominance in the field much since the time of Marx himself. Even those who I have used to criticise some of the Marxist perspectives themselves share many similar views[38]. This is because it is incredibly difficult to understand leisure without its ‘opposite.’ This study is really as much of a study of work as it is of leisure and this author actually can not find fault in that approach. What I do find fault with is the quite often simplistic dualism that is depicted between the two. As Rojek concludes, the edges between work and leisure are blurred and this is something that is important to the future study of leisure. Marxist ideas are frequently accused of being economicly deterministic. Whilst I personally find that accusation a tad harsh, many of the theories outlined above could be accused of considering the economic, the capitalist, a little too much in their theorisations. â€Å"Leisure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIs action in structure†¦produced by action in the real world of roles and responsibilities as well as the division of race, class, age and gender.†[39] All of these particular characteristics must be considered in any study of leisure. Moorhouse suggests a methodology. â€Å"Weber used the concepts of status group and lifestyle to refer to specific patterns of consumption and culturally based attachments. †[40] What is certain is that by using such concepts, and still further, the sociology of leisure can only broaden its knowledge. Bibliography Roland Barthes Mythologies pub by J. Cape 1972 Roland Barthes Image, music, text pub by Fontana Press 1977 Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 Footnotes [1] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 [2] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-95 [3] Ibid p95 [4] Ibid p95 [5] Ibid p96 [6] Ibid [7] Ibid p201 [8] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p78 [9] Ibid p83 [10] Ibid p78 [11] Roland Barthes Mythologies pub by J. Cape 1972 Roland Barthes Image, music, text pub by Fontana Press 1977 [12] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p31 [13] Though Rojek himself reaches many of the same himself conclusions regarding the banality of modern leisure, in particular package tours, travel and tourism. Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 [14] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p53 [15] Ibid p64 [16] The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen, was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities. [17] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p69 [18] Ibid p101 [19] Ibid p70 [20] Ibid p70 [21] Ibid p57 [22] Ibid p17 [23] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii [24] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 [25] Ibid p22 [26] Ibid p25 [27] Ibid p108 [28] Ibid p108 [29] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p112 [30] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p87 [31] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p38 [32] Ibid p112 [33] At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, that the very entry into the market process taints any action with is ideological stigma. [34] Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 [35] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 [36] Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 [37] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6 [38] Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 [39] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p37 [40] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p31

19th Century Women :: Victorian Era

Purpose Statement: This paper will outline the role of women in society during the Victorian Era and present some real life examples from the Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey of 19th century women following their roles and at times having the those roles challenged by the difficulty of the trail. 19th-Century Women Women in the nineteenth century, for the most part, had to follow the common role presented to them by society. This role can be summed up by what historians call the "cult of domesticity". The McGuffey Readers does a successful job at illustrating the women's role in society. Women that took part in the overland trail as described in "Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey" had to try to follow these roles while facing many challenges that made it very difficult to do so. One of the most common expectations for women then is that they are responsible for doing the chore of cleaning whether it is cleaning the house, doing the laundry. The McGuffey Readers mentions the women's duty to clean in a multiple places. In this handbook it gives clear directions to the woman on what she is to do when cleaning, "This ceremony completed, and the house thoroughly evacuated, the next operation is to smear the wall and ceilings with brushes dipped into a solution of limeÂ… (Gorn 111)." The book explains how it is the women's job to thoroughly clean the house once a year in a manner that sounds very laborious! It further states, "The misfortune is, that the sole object is to make things clean (Gorn 112)." In this part of the book it is very clear that it is saying that the woman's duty is to clean. In Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey it illustrates this in a couple of passages. For example, one woman wrote in her diary, "Oh! Horrors how shall I express it; it is the dreaded washing day . . . but washing must be done and procrastination won't do it for me (Schlissel 83)." Although this woman obviously did not like doing the washing she saw it as her job to do. In addition, the book describes this scene, "The banks of a river would be lined with women who carried their kettles, their washtubs, and piles of unwashed linen (Schlissel 82)." Again, it is the women who are doing the cleaning. The McGuffey Readers being the handbook that young girls would read in school taught them that it was their place to do the cleaning.

Use of Adobe in Cyprus

What is Adobe? Production, Application & A ; Features Adobe is a composite edifice stuff made with dirt and straws. Needed sum of H2O is added to dirty and straws which is traditionally crushed and squezed by pes, to blend the stuffs making clay. In some parts, droppings is used alternatively of straws. Straws are used to adhere the bricks together. It besides allow the bricks to dry every bit. Some experiments show that utilizing straws in adobe bricks make them more immune for clefts. Dung is chiefly used to avoid insects. The mixture is so casted into wooden frames ( normally 30cm ten 45cmx 6cm ) .It is compressed within the wooden frames to forestall the spreads, doing it heavy and strong. Excess clay is glanced off the frames to do a level surface for the bricks. Wooden frames are removed and adobe bricks are left to dry in a level surface, under the Sun for a few yearss. It is a low-priced and easy to do stuff which was widely used all around the universe extensively in Egypt, Sudan, Middle East and Asia Minor. As it is an earth stuff, it is suited for semi-arid climes where summers are hot and dry and winters cold and wet. It has a high thermal mass which is defined as the ability of the stuff to absorb heat. It helps to stabilise the inside temperature of the edifices. Main natural stuffs of adobe can easy be found locally. Soil types and colorss depends on the vicinity and that is the chief ground to see different coloured adobe edifices in different countries. Load bearing walls made from adobe bricks are normally 45-50cm broad. Minimal breadth should non be less than 30 centimeter. Adobe walls carry their ain weight into foundations so there is no demand for other sturctures to transport the burden of the walls. Normally, 80-100 centimeter high rock walls are built as a base for the adobe walls to forestall the affect of land humidness on adobe bricks. As there are non any other constructions to transport the adobe walls, land is dug for the termss. The deepness of the excavated country depends on the local features of the land and the frost degree of the dirt. The misguided apparatus of the foundations might do clefts on the walls. Courses of adobe bricks are lined horizantally and binded together with clay howitzer to organize the adobe walls. Mud plaster which is a breathable stuff that can let the wet of the adobe walls to vaporize ; is used to stick on the first bed of the adobe walls. Fine grained straws are added where straw fibres increase adhering and to obtain a smooth surface. Mud plaster is a lasting stuff but the concluding coating of the wall is made by stick oning calcium hydroxide based paste which is a water-repellent stuff to protect the structural feature of the adobe. As it is an earth stuff, one-year fix is recommended. Worn surfaces are replaced by clay howitzer and plastered once more. This procedure is normally carried out during fall. In adobe houses, the breadth of the edifices do no transcend 4m ( 13ft ) by and large. The infinites are largely rectangular and in some instances they might be square shaped. It is recommended to construct maximal two floors with adobe. Ceiling beams which were normally wood, are placed parallel to the short side of the rectangle with 30-40cm intervals. For these beams, cypress tree was normally used in Cyprus. Bushes or reeds were placed above the beams or in some instances reeds in the signifier of mats might be used if available. On top of this bed, 20-25 centimeter midst clay is casted and compressed by a rock roller. This type of roofs need one-year fix, which normally carried out in fall. If the roof is build with a incline, tiles are used to cover the clay bed. This will cut down the scratch of the clay and reduces the demand for care. Use of Adobe in Cyprus Adobe is a common edifice stuff in Cyprus from early ages. Building stuffs might change in different parts, such as Kyrenia and Paphos ( which are coastal parts of the island ) rock was used to construct shelters. In the fields and foothills, adobe was widely used. The usage of the stuffs depended on the regional handiness and climatic factors. As adobe is an insulating stuff, bulk of the houses were build utilizing adobe. Mesaoria vale which is located between Kyrenia Mountains in the North and Trodos Mountains in the sou'-west of the island, is an aluvial field where most of the adobe edifices can be seen. Reports on dirt studies in Cyprus shows that there are chiefly two types of dirt in the island. One is ‘deep soils’ which can be found in fields and 2nd one is ‘shallow soils’ which can be found in mountain and semi mountain countries. ‘Deep soil’ consequences show that % 60 of the dirt in fields is clay. Large sum of the field lands is calcareus with Ca carbonate content up to % 40-60. Limestone is a sedimentary stone which includes high degrees of Ca carbonate. Limestone is processed in different phases to bring forth calcium hydroxide. Including insularity characteristics of adobe, suited ingredients can be found locally around the island which are dirt with high clay content, and limestone to bring forth calcium hydroxide. Adobe bricks are dried under Sun where limestone and roof tiles are baked in local furnaces by utilizing wood or fuel. This makes adobe a sustainable and natural stuff. Limestone was besides used to construct patio walls. Nicosia is located in the Mesaoria vale where adobe edifices can widely be seen. After the declaration of independency of the island in 1960, concrete edifices started to lift over the island. Nowadays, little sums of Earth edifices are built around Cyprus. Cyprus is hot and dry during summer where the demand for airing is extremely demanded inside the edifices. Privacy was an of import factor on determining the traditional house design of Cyprus where Windowss were built above oculus degree to maintain the privateness. Windows on adobe walls were made by puting wooden headers on top of the gaps to back up the bricks above. Terra rossa dirt is present in some countries of Mesaoria field which is a ruddy brown dirt. Colour of adobe bricks might change in different parts of the island. Partition walls inside the edifices were normally built with light timber-framing filled with rubble or plaster. As adobe is a heavy stuff, it was used to construct the external walls merely. Testing adobe samples from the Davies House I scratched a really small sum of adobe from the external wall of the Davies House. It was easy crumbled into little pieces chiefly because of the low strenght of the wall. My chief purpose to prove these samples is to happen out and specify the ingredients of the adobe used in this peculiar edifice. My purpose was besides to happen out the age of the stuff if possible. First phase in the research lab was to look at the samples under a microscope. A little sum from the sample was taken and placed on a faux pas. Soil and straw atoms were clearly seen but it was difficult to place the stuffs clearly. As they were assorted and largely binded with each other, I need to divide the ingredients. The manner of dividing the composite stuff is to blend the coveted sum of sample with H2O and leave it for one twenty-four hours. By this manner, dense and heavy stuffs which are dirt atoms in this instance will drop ; where the light stuffs will drift on the liquid which are the straws that has lower denseness than H2O which makes them float. One-half of the adobe sample is grained by utilizing a cock. A all right grained pulverization was obtained. 5gr of the pulverization was weighted by a sensitive weighting graduated table. It was put inside a glass beaker and 200ml of distilled H2O added to the sample. The mixture was stirred manually for a few proceedingss and so placed on the magnetic scaremonger hot plate. The characteristic of this hot plate is that it has a magnetic field and if a magnet is placed inside the solution, the magnet will do a round spin and stir it. A magnet was put inside the solution and left to stir and heat for about 15 proceedingss. I used a thermometer to mensurate the temperature of the solution and around 42 ° , closed the hot plate. By stirring and warming, I achieved a well-mixed solution. After a few proceedingss, I covered the beaker with a level glass dish and go forth it for a dark. Through research I found out that calcium hydroxide was used to stick on the adobe walls. There are some grounds on the walls of the Davies House but to turn out that, I used hydrochloric acid. Lime is a stuff that contains calcium carbonate. The reaction of hydrochloric acid or any acerb with Ca carbonate will stop up with bring forthing C dioxide which can be seen by bare oculus as air bubbles. In order to turn out that calcium hydroxide was used in Davies House, I put a small sum of adobe pulverization in a trial tubing. Couple of beads of hydrochloric acid is adequate to see the air bubbles. As a consequence, reaction of the acid with the adobe sample is positive which proves that calcium hydroxide was used in this edifice. It besides raises another inquiry that if the type of dirt in Mesaoria contains % 40-60 Ca carbonate, does the reaction with the acid is because of the type of dirt used in adobe bricks? The mixture was left for a dark. Dense and heavy and indissoluble stuffs sink at the underside of the beaker, where light 1s float on the H2O. Water is non clear which can be defined that some of the dirt was dissolved in H2O. A filter paper was placed inside a funnel and an empty glass beaker was placed below. In order to roll up the natation stuffs, I poured the H2O into the funnel easy without upseting the underside. It was difficult to roll up all of the drifting stuff so I used a metal spatula to roll up the staying from the mixture. The H2O was filtered from the funnel, go forthing the straw atoms on the filter paper. Straws were collected from the filter paper and was put together with the 1s that were collected manually inside a porcelain crucible. I left them dry in the room temperature for 15 proceedingss and set them in the oven for 35-40 proceedingss. They were dried wholly and ready to burden. I changed the filter paper and poured the staying H2O into the funnel. Some of the indissoluble stuffs remained at the underside of the beaker so I collected them by the aid of the metal spatula and set indoors another porcelain crucible. Water was filtered after 2 hours from the funnel and I collected the stuffs from the filter paper and put them inside the crucible. Same procedure was made to dry the stuffs. I let them dry in room temperature for a piece and set them in oven for 40-45 proceedingss. Consequences I weighted the obtained stuffs individually by utilizing a reasonable weight graduated table. Insoluble Materials ( dirt, pebbles ) : 4.56gr ( Wa‚? ) Floating Materials ( straws ) : 0.06gr ( Wa‚‚ ) Exact sum of the whole sample was 5.04 gr. The expression below will give the per centums of the stuffs in the sample. Wa‚ Total Weight x 100 = % .. Wa‚‚? Total Weight x 100 = % .. Insoluble Materials ( dirt, pebbles ) : % 90.48 Floating Materials ( straws ) : % 1.19 As the H2O was non clear after go forthing the solution for a dark, it is defined that there are soluble stuffs in the mixture. So if soluble stuffs are Wa‚? ; Wa‚? + Wa‚‚ + Wa‚? = 5.04 gr Wa‚? = 0.42gr Wa‚? = % 8.33 Experiment shows that most of the adobe stuff is dirt. Straws were used to beef up the binding of the bricks. The sum of straws in 5gr is 0.06gr which is really few. As the edifice is old and ignored, straw atoms might hold been disapeared or decayed within the dirt through clip. Original ingredients of the adobe is soil, straws and H2O. In order to turn out that the detached stuffs from my sample is straws, they need to be identified under a microscope. They are most likely straws but there is a possibility that they might be timber. Timber and wooden stuffs are identified under a microscope by looking at the layout of the cells. Wood are chiefly classified in two groups which are soft and difficult forests but the layout of their cells are similar. If horizantal beams of cells are seen under a microscope, it is a wooden construction. Following measure of placing the straw atoms will be to look under a microscope after cutting really thin subdivisions of the pieces. One manner of thinking the age of the wood is to place the fungus formations within the stuff. The dimensions of the fungus might mention to its age. This can be done by utilizing a microscope but merely if the detached atoms are timber/wood but non straw. Figures Straws under the microscope: Dirt atoms under microscope: Bibliography Hadjiparaskevas C. Soil study in Cyprus. In: Zdruli P. ( ed. ) , Steduto P. ( ed. ) , Lacirignola C. ( ed. ) , Montanarella L. ( ed. ) . Soil resources of Southern and Eastern Mediterranean states. Bari: CIHEAM,2001. p. 101-110 ( Options Mediterraneennes: Serie B. Etudes et Recherches ; n. 34 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lime.org/lime_basics/index.asp Oliver, P. ( 2006 ) . Built to run into demands: cultural issues in common architecture. Amsterdam, Architectural. Pg.129-142 Oliver, P. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia ofVernacularArchitecture of the World, Volume 2, Cultures and Habitats. Pg. 1540-1563 Gunce K. , Erturk Z. , & A ; Erturk S. ( 2008 ) . Questioning the â€Å" prototype homes † in the model of Cyprus traditional architecture. Building and Environment. 43, 823-833. Adobe, 2014. . Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Anink, D. , 1996. Handbook of sustainable edifice: an environmental penchant method for choice of stuffs for usage in building and renovation. James & A ; James, London. Dincyurek, O. , Turker, O.. , 2007. Learning from traditional built environment of Cyprus: Re-interpretation of the contextual values. Building and Environment 42, 3384–3392. Earth Materials URL hypertext transfer protocol: //earth.sustainablesources.com/ ( accessed 3.25.14 ) . Earth Plaster, Mud Plaster, and Clay Plasters For Straw Bale and Adobe Walls, n.d. Buildings with Awareness. URL hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildingwithawareness.com/earth-plaster-walls.html ( accessed 3.25.14 ) . Hadjichristos, C. , 2006. Cyprus: Capital of cyprus and its d-visions. AD Architectural Design 76, 12–19. Roy, R.L. , 2006. Earth-sheltered houses: how to construct an low-cost belowground place. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, B.C. Snell, C. , 2005. Constructing green: a complete how-to usher to alternative edifice methods: Earth plaster, straw bale, cordwood, hazelnut, populating roofs. Lark Books, New York. Stedman, M. , 1973. Adobe architecture. 1

Learn Facts About the Geography of U.S. State of Iowa

Learn Facts About the Geography of U.S. State of Iowa Population: 3,007,856 (2009 estimate)Capital: Des MoinesBordering States: Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, WisconsinLand Area: 56,272 square miles (145,743 sq km)Highest Point: Hawkeye Point at 1,670 feet (509 m)Lowest Point: Mississippi River at 480 feet (146 m) Iowa is a state located in the Midwest of the United States. It became a part of the U.S. as the 29th state to be admitted into the Union on December 28, 1846. Today Iowa is known for its economy based on agriculture as well as food processing, manufacturing, green energy and biotechnology. Iowa is also considered one of the safest places to live in the U.S. Ten Geographic Facts to Know About Iowa 1) The area of present-day Iowa has been inhabited as long as 13,000 years ago when hunters and gatherers moved into the region. During more recent times, various Native American tribes developed complex economic and social systems. Some of these tribes include the Illiniwek, Omaha and Sauk. 2) Iowa was first explored by Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673 when they were exploring the Mississippi River. During their exploration, Iowa was claimed by France and it remained a French territory until 1763. At that time, France transferred control of Iowa to Spain. In the 1800s, France and Spain built various settlements along the Missouri River but in 1803, Iowa came under U.S. control with the Louisiana Purchase. 3) Following the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. had a hard time controlling the Iowa region and built several forts throughout the area after conflicts like the War of 1812. American settlers then began moving to Iowa in 1833, and on July 4, 1838, the Territory of Iowa was established. Eight years later on December 28,1846, Iowa became the 29th U.S. state. 4) Throughout the rest of the 1800s and into the 1900s, Iowa became an agricultural state after the expansion of railroads across the U.S. After World War II and the Great Depression however, Iowas economy began to suffer and in the 1980s the Farm Crisis caused a recession in the state. As a result, Iowa today has a diversified economy. 5) Today, most of Iowas three million residents live in the states urban areas. Des Moines is the capital and largest city in Iowa, followed by Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Sioux City, Iowa City and Waterloo. 6) Iowa is divided into 99 counties but has 100 county seats because Lee County currently has two: Fort Madison and Keokuk. Lee County has two county seats because there were disagreements between the two about which would be the county seat after Keokuk was established in 1847. These disagreements led to the formation of a second court-designated county seat. 7) Iowa is bordered by six different U.S. states, the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers on the west. Most of the states topography consists of rolling hills and due to prior glaciations in some portions of the state, there are some steep hills and valleys. Iowa also has many large natural lakes. The largest of these are Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake and East Okoboji Lake. 8) Iowas climate is considered humid continental and as such it has cold winters with snowfall and hot and humid summers. The average July temperature for Des Moines is 86ËšF (30ËšC) and the average January low is 12ËšF (-11ËšC). The state is also known for severe weather during the spring and thunderstorms and tornadoes are not uncommon. 9) Iowa has a number of different large colleges and universities. The largest of these are Iowa State University, the University of Iowa, and the University of Northern Iowa. 10) Iowa has seven different sister states - some of these include Hebei Province, China, Taiwan, China, Stavropol Krai, Russia and Yucatan, Mexico. To learn more about Iowa, visit the states official website. References Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Iowa: History, Geography, Population and State Facts- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0108213.html Wikipedia.com. (23 July 2010). Iowa - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa

Abraham and Holocaust †Theology Essay

Abraham and Holocaust – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Abraham and Holocaust Theology Essay The Merriam-Webster Dictionary has three definitions for the term holocaust. The following are the definitions: â€Å"1) a sacrifice consumed by fire; 2) a thorough destruction involving extensive loss of life especially through fire; 3a) the mass slaughter of European civilians and especially Jews by the Nazis during World War II – usually used with the; and 3b) a mass slaughter of people.† The Merriam-Webster Dictionary definitions (1 and 2) are clearly the ones used in Genesis 22:2-8. The Douay Genesis translation includes a reference to the holocaust when God asked Abraham to sacrifice son. Genesis 22:2-8 states, â€Å"He said to him: Take thy only begotten son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and go into the land of vision; and there thou shalt offer him for an holocaust upon one of the mountains which I will shew thee. So Abraham rising up in the night, saddled his ass, and took with him two young men, and Isaac his son: and when he had cut wood for the holocaust, he went his way to the place which God had commanded him. And on the third day, lifting up his eyes, he saw the place afar off. And he said to his young men: Stay you here with the ass; I and the boy will go with speed as far as yonder, and after we have worshipped, will return to you. And he took the wood for the holocaust, and laid it upon Isaac his son; and he himself carried in his hands fire and a sword. And as they two went on together, Isaac said to his father: My father. And he answered: What wil t thou, son? Behold, saith he, fire and wood: where is the victim for the holocaust? And Abraham said: God will provide himself a victim for an holocaust, my son. So they went on together.† The meaning of the word holocaust is clearly stated by Douay in Genesis. In Genesis 22:2-8, the word holocaust is used to describe the sacrifice that God has asked Abraham to make for him. In Genesis 22:3, it describes where Abraham begins to cut up wood to be used for fire that he will need to carry through with the holocaust/sacrifice. In 22:7, Abraham is described as carrying fire in his hands to start the fire. The story also depicts that Isaac understands that there will be a sacrifice, but he does not know that he was chose by God to be the sacrifice. As listed in The Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition 3, â€Å"the Holocaust† is used to describe the killing of millions of Jews by the Nazis during World War II. It is used to describe the killing because the Jews were placed in oven like rooms and burned to death by the Nazis. The Nazis wanted to purify their country by killing all the Jews. As with the sacrifice of Isaac, many of the Jews did not know they would be burned to death. Sources: Merriam-Webster OnLine (m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary) Good News Bible – Genesis 22:2-8 holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/ Research Papers on Abraham and Holocaust - Theology EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Honest Iagos Truth through Deception

Case Study 7 - Tsutomu Shimomura Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study 7 - Tsutomu Shimomura - Assignment Example 2. Tsumoto felt that computer security could only be served while being on the path of the â€Å"White hat† rather than be at the dark side which Mitnick eventually was. Being on this path also allowed Tsumoto to get law enforcements help to take out the hacker which he would have not no matter how much successful he would have been in tracking the hacker. 3. I believe that Mitnick would not have been caught if Tsumoto didn’t get involved. Law enforcement were in a disadvantage as far as having the technical knowledge of tracking a hacker in concerned and only Tsumoto was in a perfect position to track the hacker, thus Tsumoto started the hunt for Mitnick which ultimately led to his arrest (Notable hackers - Securelist). 4. I believe that it’s rare to be a professional hacker and yet stay on the right side of the law. Lust for money, greed eventually lead many of the professional hackers to go in the path of dark side and thus eventually against the law. Too much professional pride, over confidence also results in going on the wrong path of the

The Impact of Evolving Technologies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Impact of Evolving Technologies - Assignment Example In addition, there is production of high-quality animations thereby improving the standards of animations. The costs of animation film production have been reduced by letting the computer carry out most of the technical aspects that would have otherwise been done by other people. Tasks such as preparation of miniatures and the use of other actors have been eliminated (Wright, 2013). For example, CGI has greatly contributed to the success of the animation Shrek. For example, the appearance of the diverse characters in the film was enhanced by CGI. The number of characters varied from normal-looking ones to weird-looking characters that are not normally seen in other films. The antics of the donkey have been greatly influenced by computer-generated imagery (Shrek, n.d.). The animation also appears bright and colorful due to the intricate balance of color, light and texture (Scaramozzino, 2010). That has been made possible with CGI. Without the advancement of CGI, such an animation may not have made the impact it did by appealing to large